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GNED 1403 Library Session

  • Briefly go over the assignment 
  • Discuss what peer-reviewed means
  • Speak to different types of information you will encounter during your search
  • Ask you to engage in a learning activity giving you practice in critically evaluating different sources
  • Demonstrate some possibilities of how you can break down your topic
  • Demonstrate how to find good sources relating to your topic using the library and Google Scholar
  • Talk a little about citations, where to find guides, and help

You have been asked to write a digital magazine feature article.  Within this article, you will:

  • Interview an expert related to your chosen topic
  • Cite at least 1 scholarly secondary source that supports your story
  • Your source should be cited in APA

Why using good sources matter...

When you endeavor to find sources related to a topic of interest for your academic writing, you are demonstrating a number of skills

  • You are able to synthesize a variety of information and integrate it into your own work.
  • You are able to investigate the dialogue that has occurred related to an area of interest and engage in that conversation through your academic writing.
  • Using good, credible reliable sources will elevate the accuracy and authority of your own work.

Authority is Constructed and Contextual

Information, in any format, is produced to convey a message and is shared via a selected delivery method.  The iterative processes of researching, creating, revising and disseminating information vary, and the resulting produce reflects these differences (ACRL par. 13).

  • Information creations are valued differently depending on the context and purpose for which they are created
  • Audience matters. Certain things are created for certain purposes and it doesn't really make one format of information better than another. It is up to us to discern what information process best fits our information need.
  • In your own creation process, understand that your choices in what type of information you use, impacts the purpose for which the information product you create will be used and the message it conveys.

Source: Project Cora - https://www.projectcora.org/assignment/information-spectrum

scholarly publication contains articles written by experts in a particular field. The primary audience of these articles is other experts. ... Academics use various terms and language to describe this: "peer-reviewed", vetted academic, or "refereed". They all mean essentially the same thing and refer to the editorial and publication process in which scholars in the same field review the research and findings before the article is published, checking for validity, originality, and quality. 

  Scholarly / Peer-Reviewed Popular/Not Scholarly
Author Expert Journalist / Professional Writer
Review Reviewed by an editorial board or other experts ("peers") Reviewed by an editor
Audience /
Language
Scholars and students / Academic
Technical language
General public
Easy to understand
Content

Original Research
Uses previously published literature for background

News and practical information
Uses a variety of sources for background 
Sources Always cited Sometimes cited
Examples

Peer-reviewed articles
Scholarly books
Literature reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis
Thesis and dissertations

Academic encyclopedias

Magazine articles
Newspaper articles
Blog articles
web encyclopedias (wiki)
Websites
Social media

  1. What are the author’s credentials? Is it written by an expert?
  2. Published in a journal (is there a DOI?) 
  3. Academic language
  4. Includes reference list
  5. Length
  6. A "Received" and "Accepted" date
  7. Is it an actual article? Sometimes other types of content are included in scholarly publications, such as editorials/opinion pieces and book reviews.  Make sure you are looking at an article. 

To make sure we are all on the same page, let's put our knowledge to the test.

Skim the following resources available through the links keeping in mind the characteristics we have discussed in class.  Ask yourself:

What type of information is this? (news, magazine, website, journal article etc.) Where was it published? 

Was it written by an "expert"?

What types of information does this source refer to? 

Vote whether you think this source is Scholarly or Not Scholarly.

Source 1

Scholarly: 19 votes (43.18%)
Not Scholarly: 25 votes (56.82%)
Total Votes: 44
Scholarly: 25 votes (96.15%)
Not Scholarly: 1 votes (3.85%)
Total Votes: 26
Scholarly: 2 votes (7.14%)
Not Scholarly: 26 votes (92.86%)
Total Votes: 28
Scholarly: 17 votes (68%)
Not Scholarly: 8 votes (32%)
Total Votes: 25
Scholarly: 4 votes (15.38%)
Not Scholarly: 22 votes (84.62%)
Total Votes: 26
Scholarly: 21 votes (87.5%)
Not Scholarly: 3 votes (12.5%)
Total Votes: 24

[Caption: First panel is Canadian treasure Drake, wearing an orange puffy coat, rejecting sources that do not cite scholarship or credible information for this assignment.  The second panel is Canadian treasure Drake welcoming scholarly sources for this assignment, particularly peer-reviewed articles and books.]

But seriously...

Your scholarly sources will likely be one of the following:

  • A peer reviewed journal article
  • An academic encyclopedia entry (that gives you some substantive information)
  • An academic book (published by an academic press, written by a scholar)

Remember: 

Use your critical evaluation skills to determine whether your other sources are good enough to use in this assignment! Look for references to data, evidence and links to reliable sources.  Make sure that the source you use comes from a reliable source.

Figure 2. Copely, R. Huge stand in the market with a large selection of fruits [Photograph]. Pixy.org. https://pixy.org/143529/

What word(s) would you use to describe this image? 

Questions to consider

  • Are you using the terminology that an expert in the field would use?
  • Is there more than one way to spell the word?
  • Are there any synonyms or other terms that could apply to your topic?

Tip: Think about your topic in terms of a simple sentence (as you typed it out on the sign up sheet) and then highlight key terms. 

Example Problem: Do female faculty get paid less than male faculty in Canadian universities? 

 

      Broad Topic                   

Synonyms (terms you could use with OR)

Additional Terms (terms you could use with AND)

Narrowed Down Topic

Men get paid more than women

Salaries in post-secondary

Do female professors get paid less than male professors? 

"pay equity" OR "pay equality"

"equal pay"

"unequal pay"

"gender parity"

professor OR faculty

"pay gap" OR "wage gap" 

OR "salary gap"

salary OR pay OR compensation

university OR "post-secondary" OR "higher education OR college

women OR female OR gender

 

 

"gender roles"

sexism

"pay grid" 

"maternity leave" 

Canada

racism

promotion OR tenure

transparency

"sunshine lists"

aboriginal OR Indigenous

BIPOC OR "visible minority" 

"gender discrimination"

"gender bias"

tenure

promotion

 

 

"pay gap" AND faculty AND ( universities OR "post-secondary"  AND Canada

"higher education" AND salary AND "gender discrimination" AND Canada

racism AND (salary OR pay OR compensation ) AND Canad* AND universities AND professors

 

 

 

Library Search

Things to remember when using Library Search:

  1. Sign in to save searches, items, and to request materials.

  2. Use the pin icon to save books and articles. 

  3. Use the filters on the right. You will use Availability, Resource Type, and Date filters most often.

  4. Some items won't be available. You can request unavailable items using interlibrary loan.

  5. When viewing an item record, scroll down to the Get It or Full Text section to get the item.

You can search in a way to combine or omit different terms by telling the search engine exactly what you want…this can help you save some time (and frustration!)

  • Use quotation marks to keep phrases together - "pay equity"

  • Use  AND to combine search terms - gender AND faculty AND "pay equity"

  • Use OR to connect two or more similar terms - ("pay equity" OR "equal pay")

  • Use wild cards to substitute a letter or suffix with a symbol - Canad*

Search Google Scholar

Google Scholar is another great way to find peer-reviewed/scholarly material. Google scholar has a nifty citation chaining function.  The Cited by function will forward you to indexed scholarly material that has cited an article that you may be interested in.  The Related Articles link will direct you to similar articles that may have the same metadata or keywords. 

The Advanced Search is found by clicking the menu icon (top left).
Besides providing links to articles in MRU databases, Google Scholar links to online repositories that contain articles the author has been allowed to upload.  Academia.edu and ResearchGate are among the repositories searched by Google Scholar.

By clicking on the Settings icon, you can select library links to show library access for up to 5 libraries (type in Mount Royal and click on save).  If you are logged into MRU library, links should automatically populate if you are running a Google search in another window. 

  • Cite Sources: Learn the correct way to cite sources by using these guides, tutorials, and videos.
  • Referencing Webinars: APA & MLA. Referencing Webinars are 75 minutes long.  Registration is required.
  • Online Appointments: Personalized online 30-minute appointments with a Learning Strategist.
     

    Take the APA Referencing Tutorial on D2L!

    This self-paced 90-minute tutorial covers the same content as our live workshop—why citation is important along with the basics of in-text citations and reference entries in APA Style. Students who complete the tutorial will gain access to a form they can fill out and submit as proof of completion.

    Access the tutorial on D2L: Using Google Chrome as your web browser, log in to D2L (learn.mru.ca) with your @mtroyal.ca account. Click the “Discover” tab, then type “APA” in the search bar. Click on the “APA Referencing Tutorial” link and then the “Enroll in Course” button. If you have any questions about the tutorial, contact sls@mtroyal.ca.

GNED 1403 - Fall 2024 Library Session #2

 

Session OutlineStock image picture of a human figure with a question mark.

Here is a plan for what we will cover today:

1. Define misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation.

2. Talk about different information evaluation strategies.

3. Practice one information evaluation strategy known as lateral reading in groups.

4. Discuss information literacy specifically on TikTok.

5. Learn about generative AI and misinformation/disinformation.

 

Public Domain MarkThis work (Question Mark Symbol Icon Character, by Peggy_Marco), identified by Pixabay, is free of known copyright restrictions.

Some Definitions (from Canadian Association of Journalists' Misinfo 101 workshop)

Misinformation:

Information that is false or inaccurate, but not created or shared with the intention of causing harm. (For example: sh*tposting with friends about something untrue but funny or unknowingly sharing an article with outdated statistics with someone.)

Disinformation:

Information that is false or inaccurate and deliberately created or shared to harm a person, social group, organization or country. (For example: deepfakes.)

Malinformation:

Information that is based in reality (but often exaggerated or selectively edited) and shared to inflict harm on a person, social group, organization or country. (For example: sharing private data or images publicly - "revenge porn")


Image Credit: First Draft News “Understanding Information Disorder,” https://web.archive.org/web/20241009174006/https://firstdraftnews.org/long-form-article/understanding-information-disorder/

Figure 1

Peter Steiner's Famous 1993 New Yorker Cartoon Illustrating an Issue Central to Information Evaluation


Note. From "On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog" [Cartoon], by P. Steiner, 1993, Wikimedia (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f8/Internet_dog.jpg).


Evaluating Information

It is good to find lots of search results, but, in order to use information skilfully, you need to know how to evaluate that information to determine whether a specific resource is appropriate to use in a specific use case (i.e. for a specific assignment).

The phrase "evaluating information" actually stands in for a wide range of judgments that we make about information in many different contexts, whether those judgments are about relevance, timeliness, quality, etc.

Librarians have developed several different techniques to help people evaluate information. Two of my personal favourites are RADAR and lateral reading!


RADAR stands for

Relevance

Authority

Date

Accuracy

Reason for Creation


Comparing RADAR with Brian Carroll's "How to Identify Fake News" section (pp. 276-278) from this week's reading:

Step 1: Consider the source. (AUTHORITY)

Step 2: When was the article published? (DATE)

Step 3: Ask about agenda. (REASON FOR CREATION)

- What are the source's sources? (ACCURACY)

Step 4: What is the context?


We can ask the following questions to help us assess each criterion:

Relevance:

  • Does this source fit my topic?

  • What is this source's intended audience?

    • Is that intended audience appropriate for my use case in this assignment?

Authority:

  • Is/are the creator(s) of this source clearly identified or known to us?

  • How important is it in this use case to trust the source's creator(s)?

    • If it is important, why should we trust the source's creator(s)?

    • Is the source's creator credentialed or an expert in their field?

Date:

  • Is the creation or publication date of this source identified or known to us?

  • Is this source too old?

Accuracy:

  • Do this source's facts "check out"?

  • Does the source have references of its own?

Reason for Creation (take your best guess at this question using judgments from earlier criteria):

  • Why was this source made?

  • Was this source made to sell a product or service, to inform/educate, to entertain, etc?


(Adapted from Mandalios, J. (2013). RADAR: An approach for helping students evaluate Internet sources. Journal of Information Science, 39(4), 470-478. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551513478889)


The Five Pillars of Verification (First Draft News)

1. Provenance: Are you looking at the original piece of content?

2. Source: Who captured/created the piece of content?

3. Date: When was the piece of content captured/created?

4. Location: Where was the piece of content captured/created?

5. Motivation: Why was this piece of content captured/created?


Lateral Reading

Lateral reading is an information evaluation technique developed by the Stanford History Education Group (now Digital Inquiry Group) and based on research they conducted comparing the information evaluation habits of Stanford undergraduate students, professors from four different universities, and professional fact checkers.

What the SHEG found in its research was that professional fact checkers spend far less time reading "vertically" - staying on the specific source and evaluating its specific claims. Instead, professional fact checkers would read "laterally" to save themselves time - reading about the first source in other credible sources online to determine what the first source's potential biases may be, how credible it is, etc.

Lateral Reading Activity

In groups, try to read laterally to investigate the following sources.

Here is a Padlet board to use to track your research: https://padlet.com/bleching/gned1403

1. Please put your names below an item in a comment to claim your information source.

2. Next, perform a "lateral reading" of your information source by searching the web for it and finding other reputable sources that talk about it.

Useful websites that you might encounter that can help you analyze your source might be: Wikipedia, Snopes, Politifact, the Annenberg Public Policy Center's Fact Check, Media Bias/Fact Check, and the Interactive Media Bias Chart.

3. Write what you find in other comments. 

Does your source have a particular bias, political affiliation, or satirical intent that might influence the way it presents its info?

In your opinion, is your source credible? If so, why do you think it is so? If not, why do you think it is not?

How does reading laterally impact how we might assess the claims made by the source?

4. We will wrap up in 10-15 mins.

TikTok and Misinformation/Disinformation

Given the video sharing platform TikTok's widespread popularity right now, it is full of misinformation and disinformation that can travel at lightning speed as bite-sized clips.

NewsGuard, an organization that tracks mis/disinformation online, performed an analysis of TikTok content in 2022. The organization found that the platform “repeatedly delivered videos containing false claims in the first 20 results, often within the first five" to users. Out of 540 TikTok videos that NewsGuard vetted for its report, 105 (19.4%) contained false or misleading claims.

Though the company claims to be combatting false information through collaboration with fact-checking organizations like PolitiFact and Reuters, there is still tremendous potential for misinformation and disinformation to spread on TikTok due to the nature of virality and how much content is circulating on the platform.


General TikTok Information Literacy Principles

- Be aware of the potential for the selective editing of video and video manipulation.

- Be aware of the potential for the selective editing of audio and audio manipulation.

- Consider how misinformation and disinformation from other platforms can easily spread on TikTok. (Example).

 

Generative Artificial Intelligence, Misinformation, and Disinformation

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) is a hot topic these days that is having an impact on many areas of cultural life, education, and the economy.

Generative AI tools can be used to create and spread misinformation and disinformation in multiple ways.

In NewsGuard's October 2024 audit of the 10 leading GenAI chatbots, the organization found that those chatbots "collectively repeated misinformation 24.67 percent of the time, offered a non-response 21.67 percent of the time, and a debunk 53.67 percent of the time. The 46.33 percent “fail” rate (percentage of responses containing misinformation or offering a non-response) increased from NewsGuard’s September audit."

In addition, as of November 11, 2024, NewsGuard's team has identified 1,121 unreliable AI-generated news and information websites spanning 16 languages.

OpenAI, the company behind ChatGPT, states, in its own documentation for GPT-4, that “[t]he profusion of false information from [large language models] … has the potential to cast doubt on the whole information environment, threatening our ability to distinguish fact from fiction.”

Two ways that this has happened already and that have made the news have been through fake image generation and textual fabrication.


Notable Fake Image Generation Examples

Trump's "Arrest" (March 2023)

https://twitter.com/EliotHiggins/status/1637927681734987777


"Balenciaga Pope" (March 2023)

https://www.reddit.com/r/midjourney/comments/120vhdc/the_pope_drip/


"Shrimp Jesus" on Facebook (Spring 2024)

https://x.com/TheHornetsFury/status/1767792068947329106

https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2024/04/28/facebooks-surreal-shrimp-jesus-trend-explained/


Crying Girl and Puppy After Hurricane Helene (October 2024)

https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/ai-girl-maga-hurricane-helene-1235125285/

https://www.forbes.com/sites/larsdaniel/2024/10/04/hurricane-helena-deepfakes-flooding-social-media-hurt-real-people/


Baby Peacocks (October 2024)

https://ifunny.co/picture/all-crossed-out-images-have-been-generated-by-al-the-YdRMgSaqB


Notable Textual Fabrication Examples

Lawyers Citing AI-Generated Cases (March 2023)

https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/06/lawyers-have-real-bad-day-in-court-after-citing-fake-cases-made-up-by-chatgpt/


AI-Generated Mushroom Foraging Books Sold on Amazon (August 2023)

https://twitter.com/newyorkmyc/status/1695689778224594959

https://www.404media.co/ai-generated-mushroom-foraging-books-amazon/


Google's AI Overview Feature Fabricating Answers (May/June 2024)

https://www.theverge.com/2024/5/23/24162896/google-ai-overview-hallucinations-glue-in-pizza


Notable Examples of AI Use to Deceive (Disinformation)

Willy's Chocolate Experience in Glasgow, Scotland (February 2024)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy%27s_Chocolate_Experience


Fake Halloween Parade in Dublin, Ireland (October 2024)

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dublin-halloween-parade-hoax-ireland-prank-ai-fake-news/


A Specific Textual Fabrication Example From ChatGPT

Be sure to scrutinize any source(s) that generative AI provides you with on a topic. This is because, at this point, it is prone to error: what some have called "hallucination," but that I prefer to call "fabrication."

If generative AI provides you with a source:

(1) make sure that the source actually exists, and, if it does exist;

(2) make sure that the source actually contains the information that generative AI has attributed to it.

An Investigation of ChatGPT's Sources

  1. Book: Influencer Marketing for Dummies by Kristy Sammis, Cat Lincoln, and Stefania Pomponi

    • This source does exist and it was written by these authors, but it is a For Dummies book that wouldn't be considered scholarly.

  2. Book: Influencer Marketing: Building Brand in a Digital Age by Duncan Brown and Nick Haye

    • This source does exist and it was written by those authors, but ChatGPT has fabricated a subtitle for it that it doesn't have.

  3. Academic Article: "The Rise of Influencer Marketing and Its Impact on Consumer Behavior" by Liu, Hu, and Zhang (2019)

    • To the best of my searching abilities, this source does not exist.

  4. Academic Article: "Ethical and Legal Issues in Influencer Marketing" by Brenner, A. and Capron, L. (2019)

    • To the best of my searching abilities, this source does not exist.

  5. Academic Article: "The Dark Side of Social Media: A Consumer Psychology Perspective" by Phua, J., Jin, S.V., and Kim, J.J. (2017)

    • This source is a Frankenstein composite of 2 sources. The authors have been taken from this article and the title has been taken from this edited book with which those authors had no involvement.

Librarian

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Madelaine Vanderwerff
she/her

Contact:
Email: mvanderwerff@mtroyal.ca
Office: EL4441M