Find some examples of the format you're working in to get ideas. Listening to examples of podcasts with different formats, genres and topic areas is a great way to get ideas about how to approach your project.
What aspects of your audio or video project are being graded (e.g. organization, delivery, use of evidence, content and/or technical production)? Is there a rubric to show you how you’ll be assessed?
Who is your audience? Is this for your professor, your classmates, your local community, or everyone on the Web?
What is your format? Will your audio or video project be formal and academic, or laidback and casual?
What kind of evidence will you use to support your arguments or back up your statements?
Do you need peer-reviewed research, statistics or data, media articles, or some other source?
Where will you find resources to support your work?
Explore the recommended information sources listed on the Subject Guides.
What kind of media will you use (e.g. music, sound effects, audio clips, vidoes, etc.) and where will you find it? Start with the copyright-friendly resources listed on this guide: https://library.mtroyal.ca/copyright/resources
Reading from a script will make your audio or video project sound more polished, make your delivery smoother, and ensure you stay within your assignment’s time limits.
In most cases, you'll want to write like you speak, not speak like you write. Podcasters generally use more common, relaxed language instead of formal, academic language. Write short sentences, which are easier to speak without losing your breath. Remember, you are not simply reading an essay out loud.
How will you cite your sources verbally in your audio projects?
For video projects (recorded slide presentations, digital essays, etc.), will you provide citations verbally or visually, or both?
Does your instructor want a formal bibliography or reference list? Do you need to provide a transcript?
It depends. If you are using media in a project that will be available in the classroom and/or on D2L, then educational user rights may apply to your use. If you are publicly distributing a work that contains copyrighted music, images or videos, certain user rights may apply, but it’s best to source copyright-friendly media wherever possible.
Fair dealing allows for the use of copyrighted works such as text, images, video and sound recordings in multimedia assignments and for you to share the assignment in class presentations or through D2L.
If you are using a song, you can do so as long as it does not require changing the format of the music (e.g. copying music from a CD to a file format that can be added to a podcast).
Copyright protects original, creative works (e.g. literary, musical, artistic, performances, translations, communication signals, etc.). In Canada, copyright protection is automatic once a work is fixed and, generally, lasts for 50 years after the death of the creator. After the copyright expires, the work enters into the Public Domain and can be used in any way. Canada’s Copyright Act aims to balance the rights of copyright owners and users. While creators hold the right to reproduce, perform, translate, etc. a work, user rights include exceptions and limitations that permit them to use works for certain purposes as long as certain conditions are met.
99 Sounds: Several collections of high quality sounds created by sound designers. Please see their License.
Bandcamp: A collection of Creative Commons licensed music. Please see their Terms of Use.
CC Mixter: A collection of Creative Commons licensed music. Please see their Terms of Use and Licenses.
Freesound.org: A collaborative database of Creative Commons licensed sounds. Please see their Terms of Use.
YouTube Audio Library: A collection of free downloadable music for use in video or audio projects. Please see their information page.
BBC Sound Effects Database: Thousands of sound effects from the massive BBC radio archive. Everything from nature and animals to machines, automobiles and everyday life sounds.
Attribution is giving credit to the creator and providing a source to the work. This is required for both copyright attribution and academic integrity purposes (to avoid plagiarism). Copyright law does not have a specific style of attribution, so it is best practice to use the style your instructor has chosen (e.g. APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.). If you are using a Creative Commons licensed work, the recommended attribution is TASL = Title Author Source License. You can read more and find examples on the Best Practices for Attribution page.
Your friendly neighbourhood Copyright Advisor! Taylor Stevens can be contacted at the copyright email for all academic copyright questions and concerns: MRUcopyright@mtroyal.ca.
Note: Always check with your instructor about their expectations around citation for projects with audio components. Most podcasts will rely on a detailed written list of sources used, and will keep verbal or voiced in-text citations minimal. However, some academic podcasting assignments may ask you to treat your verbal in-text citations the same way you would in-text citations for a written assignment, with full citation elements included (e.g., author, page number). Ask your instructor if you’re not sure!
See the MRU Library Citation page for detailed information on how to format your in-text citations and list of sources in each style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
Include any context that might be useful to your listener (think about your audience!). This could mean:
The title or location of the source; e.g., a book or podcast title, the title of a newspaper or news website, or the title of a prestigious journal in which a study was published.
The credentials of the author(s) you’re citing; e.g., an author’s professional role or scholarly expertise. This can help build your own credibility as it supports your reasoning for using this particular source.
If your instructor has requested full in-text verbal citations, mention the same details you would include for a written in-text citation, according to your particular referencing style.
Examples with contextual information |
Examples using a specific referencing style* |
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A 2018 study in the Journal of Behavioural Health found that Instagram addiction for secondary school students in the UK was linked to declining mental health. |
A 2018 study by Taprobane and Boucher, published in the Journal of Behavioural Health, found that Instagram addiction for secondary school students in the UK was linked to declining mental health. (*APA Style) |
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According to CBC news, local businesses in Calgary experienced a 40% increase in profits during the 2021 holiday season compared to the previous year. |
According to a CBC news article published in January 2022 and titled “Changing Habits,” local businesses in Calgary experienced a 40% increase in profits during the 2021 holiday season compared to the previous year. (*APA Style) |
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Debbie DeLearey, a Harvard University professor of sociology and gender studies, describes her experience as a divorcee in her book, Second Adulthood. |
Debbie DeLearey, a Harvard University professor of sociology and gender studies, describes her experience as a divorcee in her book, Second Adulthood, on pages 20 to 25. (*MLA or Chicago Style) |
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F. H. deHaan, author of several books on the relationship between humans and their dogs, suggests that potential dog owners should carefully consider their lifestyle before choosing to adopt a pet. |
F. H. deHaan, author of several books on the relationship between humans and their dogs, suggests on page 12 of their latest work that potential dog owners should carefully consider their lifestyle before choosing to adopt a pet. (*MLA or Chicago Style) |
Avoid verbalizing “quote” and “end quote” to mark when a quotation begins and ends. Instead, use clear phrasing to introduce quotes (e.g., reporting verbs) and to transition to your own wording/discussion of the quotes.
Note: APA Style typically uses reporting verbs in past tense, while MLA Style uses present tense.
As you read, it might help to pause briefly at the start and end of each quote.
Note: The examples below include full citation information, but this may not be required by your instructor.
A 2021 report by financial advising company Alberta Stats stated, on page 1, that online shopping is at what they call “an all-time high.” This shift in consumer behaviour can be attributed to the rise in demand for socially-distanced or contact-free options during the Covid-19 pandemic.
(*APA Style)
On page 21, DeLearey calls life after marriage “an exercise in reimagining one’s identity.” DeLearey clearly identifies a certain freedom that comes with divorce, despite its potential for financial and emotional trauma.
(*MLA or Chicago Style)
Tips to help the production and recording run smoothly:
Using a USB microphone, headphones and free Audacity software, you can easily record good quality audio on your laptop.
You can also record discussions and presentations using Google Meets.
Recording in the Library Audio Production Room
Record audio with up to four people in the room using the Rodecaster audio interface. Video conferences and phone calls can also be recorded. Learn how to book this space and see this guide to using the Rodecaster with a laptop to record your audio.
Portable recorders are available for loan from the Service Desk. Find more information on portable audio recording equipment here.
Podcasting Kits are available at the Library Service Desk. They include everything you need to record a podcast with up to four speakers. It comes in a case with wheels that you can take anywhere.
You’ll need to have an app installed that will allow you to record audio. Easy Voice Recorder is a recommended app. You can borrow microphones and headphones from the Service Desk.
During this stage, you'll pull together everything you've recorded into a final audio file. Visit this guide to Post-Production for a detailed outline of the process.
In general, when it comes to audio post-production, you may have these steps to complete:
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The Library has an Audio Production Room and Post Production Room on the second floor of the RLLC. Check out the Audio Production Rooms page for tutorials and guides to the spaces, equipment, and software you need, and to get assistance from Library staff. |